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Hagia Sophia Church Museum, Ayasofya, Where is Hagia Sophia Church Museum? Information about Hagia Sophia Church Museum, Tourizm in Istanbul… Hagia Sophia (Turkish: Ayasofya, from the Greek: Ἁγία Σοφία, “Holy Wisdom”; Latin: Sancta Sophia or Sancta Sapientia) is a former Orthodox patriarchal basilica, later a mosque, now a museum in Istanbul, Turkey. Famous in particular for its massive dome, it is considered the epitome of Byzantine architecture and to have “changed the history of architecture.”[1] It was the largest cathedral in the world for nearly a thousand years, until the completion of the Seville Cathedral in 1520. The current building was originally constructed as a church between 532 and 537 A.D. on the orders of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian, and was in fact the third Church of the Holy Wisdom to occupy the site (the previous two had both been destroyed by riots). It was designed by two architects, Isidore of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles. The Church contained a large collection of holy relics and featured, among other things, a 15m (49 foot) silver iconostasis. It was the seat of the Patriarch of Constantinople and the religious focal point of the Eastern Orthodox Church for nearly one thousand years. It was the church in which Cardinal Humbert marched up to the altar and excommunicated Cerularius, marking the official start of the Great Schism. In 1453, Constantinople was conquered by the Ottoman Turks and Sultan Mehmed II ordered the building to be converted into a mosque.[2] The bells, altar, iconostasis, and sacrificial vessels were removed, and many of the mosaics were eventually plastered over. The Islamic features — such as the mihrab, the minbar, and the four minarets outside — were added over the course of its history under the Ottomans. It remained as a mosque until 1935, when it was converted into a museum by the Republic of Turkey. For almost 500 years the principal mosque of Istanbul, Hagia Sophia served as a model for many of the Ottoman mosques such as the Sultan Ahmed Mosque (Blue Mosque of Istanbul), the Şehzade Mosque, the Süleymaniye Mosque, the Rüstem Pasha Mosque, and the Kılıç Ali Paşa Mosque. Although it is sometimes referred to as Santa Sophia, the Greek name in full is Ναός τῆς Ἁγίας τοῦ Θεοῦ Σοφίας, Church of the Holy Wisdom of God. It was to this, the Holy Wisdom of God, that the Church was dedicated (”Sophia” being the phonetic spelling in Latin of the Greek word for wisdom). So Santa Sophia should be understood as the italianate title of the church, Holy Wisdom; not as a reference to any saint named Sophia, but as a reference to the philosophical and theological concept of “Sophia”. Nothing remains of the first church that was built on this location, known as the Μεγάλη Ἐκκλησία (Megálē Ekklēsíā, “Great Church”), or in Latin “Magna Ecclesia”.[3] The church was built next to the area where the imperial palace was being developed and next to the smaller church Hagia Eirene, finished first and acting as cathedral until the Hagia Sophia was completed. The Hagia Sophia was inaugurated by Constantius II on 15 February 360. Both churches acted together as the principal churches of the Byzantine Empire. This church was chronicled by Socrates of Constantinople (380–440), who claimed that it was built by Constantine the Great. It was built as a traditional Latin colonnaded basilica with galleries and a wooden roof. It was preceded by an atrium. This first church was then already claimed to be one of the world’s most outstanding monuments. The Patriarch of Constantinople, John Chrysostom, came into a conflict with Empress Aelia Eudoxia, wife of the Emperor Arcadius and was sent into exile on 20 June 404. During the subsequent riots, this first church was largely burned down. A second church was ordered by Theodosius II, who inaugurated it on 10 October 415. The basilica with a wooden roof was built by architect Rufinos. The fire that started during the tumult of the Nika Revolt resulted in the destruction of the (second) Hagia Sophia, which burned down to the ground on 13–14 January 532. Several marble blocks from this second church have survived to the present day, and they are displayed in the garden of the current (third) church. The blocks were originally part of a monumental front entrance; they were excavated in the western courtyard by A.M. Schneider in 1935. The relief depicting 12 lambs — 12 apostles as well as other remains of this church were discovered during excavation works in 1935. In order not to harm the present Hagia Sophia building, further excavation works were not carried out. On February 23, 532, only a few days after the destruction of the second basilica, Emperor Justinian I took the decision to build a third and entirely different basilica, larger and more majestic than its predecessors. It is now known as the “Church of holy wisdom.” Justinian chose the physicist Isidore of Miletus and the mathematician Anthemius of Tralles as architects; Anthemius, however, died within the first year. The construction is described by the Byzantine historian Procopius’ On Buildings (Peri ktismatōn, Latin: De aedificiis). The emperor had material brought over from all over the empire, such as Hellenistic columns from the temple of Artemis at Ephesus. Large stones were brought from far-away quarries: porphyry from Egypt, green marble from Thessaly, black stone from the Bosporus region and yellow stone from Syria. More than ten thousand people were employed during this construction. This new church was immediately recognized as a major work of architecture, demonstrating the creative insights of the architects. They may have used the theories of Heron of Alexandria to be able to construct a huge dome over such a large open space. The emperor, together with the patriarch Eutychius, inaugurated the new basilica on December 27, 537 with much pomp and circumstance. The mosaics inside the church were, however, only completed under the reign of Emperor Justin II (565–578). Earthquakes in August 553 and on December 14, 557 caused cracks in the main dome and the eastern half-dome to appear. The main dome collapsed completely during an earthquake on May 7, 558, destroying the ambon, the altar and the ciborium over it. The emperor ordered an immediate restoration. He entrusted it to Isodorus the Younger, nephew of Isidore of Miletus. This time he used lighter materials and elevated the dome by 6.25 metres (20.5 ft), thus giving the building its current interior height of 55.6 metres (182 ft).[4] This reconstruction, giving the church its present 6th century form, was completed in 562. The Byzantine poet Paul the Silentiary composed an extant, long epic poem, known as Ekphrasis, for the rededication of the basilica, presided over by Patriarch Eutychius, on 23 December 562. Hagia Sophia was the seat of the Orthodox patriarch of Constantinople and a principal setting for Byzantine imperial ceremonies, such as coronations. The basilica also offered asylum to wrongdoers. Foreign visitors were deeply impressed. In 726 the Emperor Leo the Isaurian issued a series of edicts against the veneration of images, ordering the army to destroy all icons, ushering in the period of Byzantine iconoclasm. At that time, all religious pictures and statues were removed from the Hagia Sophia. After a brief reprieve under Empress Irene (797–802), the iconoclasts made a comeback. Emperor Theophilus (829–842) was strongly influenced by Islamic art,[citation needed] which forbids graven images. He had a two-winged bronze door with his monograms installed at the southern entrance of the church. The basilica suffered damage, first by a great fire in 859, and again by an earthquake on January 8, 869 that made a half-dome collapse. Emperor Basil I ordered the church to be repaired. After the great earthquake of 25 October 989, which ruined the great dome of Hagia Sophia, the Byzantine emperor Basil II asked for the Armenian architect Trdat, creator of the great churches of Ani and Agine, to repair the dome.[5] His main repairs were to the western arch and a portion of the dome. The extent of the church’s destruction meant that reconstruction lasted six years. The church was re-opened on 13 May 994. In his book De caerimoniis aulae Byzantinae (Book of Ceremonies), emperor Constantine VII (913–919) wrote about all the details of the ceremonies held in the Hagia Sophia by the emperor and the patriarch. At the capture of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade, the church was ransacked and desecrated by the Latin Christians. The Byzantine historian Niketas Choniates described the capture of Constantinople. Many reputed relics from the church, such as a stone from the tomb of Jesus, the Virgin Mary’s milk, the shroud of Jesus, and bones of several saints, were sent to churches in the West and can be seen now in various museums in the West. During the Latin occupation of Constantinople (1204–1261) the church became a Roman Catholic cathedral. Baldwin I of Constantinople was crowned emperor on 16 May 1204 in the Hagia Sophia, at a ceremony which closely followed Byzantine practices. Enrico Dandolo, the Doge of Venice who commanded the sack and invasion of the city by the Latin Crusaders in 1204, is buried inside the church. The tomb inscription carrying his name, which has become a part of the floor decoration, was spat upon by many of the angry Byzantines who recaptured Constantinople in 1261. However, restoration carried out during the period 1847–1849 cast doubt upon the authenticity of the doge’s grave. It is more likely a symbolic burial site to keep alive his memory. After the recapture in 1261 by the Byzantines, the church was in a dilapidated state. The four buttresses in the west were probably built during this time. In 1317, emperor Andronicus II ordered four new buttresses to be built in the eastern and northern parts of the church. After new cracks had developed in the dome after the earthquake of October 1344, several parts of the building collapsed on 19 May 1346. After that, the church remained closed until 1354, when repairs were undertaken by the architects Astras and Peralta. Immediately after the Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople (Istanbul) in 1453, the Hagia Sophia was converted into the Ayasofya Mosque[2]. At that time, the church was very dilapidated. Several of its doors had fallen off. This condition was described by several Western visitors, such as the Córdoban nobleman Pero Tafur[6] and the Florentine Cristoforo Buondelmonti.[7] The sultan Mehmed II ordered the immediate cleanup of the church and its conversion to a mosque. The next sultan Bayezid II built a new minaret, replacing the one built by his father. In the 16th century the sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520–1566) brought back two colossal candles from his conquest of Hungary. They were placed on both sides of the mihrab. During the reign of Selim II (1566–1577), the building started showing signs of fatigue and was extensively strengthened with the addition of structural supports to its exterior by the great Ottoman architect Sinan, who is also considered one of the world’s first earthquake engineers.[8] In addition to strengthening the historic Byzantine structure, Sinan built the two additional large minarets at the western end of the building, the original sultan’s loge, and the mausoleum of Selim II to the southeast of the building (then a mosque) in 1577. The mausoleums of Murad III and Mehmed III were built next to it in the 1600s. Later additions were the sultan’s gallery, a minbar decorated with marble, a dais for a sermon and a loggia for a muezzin. The sultan Murad III (1574–1595) had two large alabaster Hellenistic urns transported from Pergamon and placed on two sides of the nave. Sultan Mahmud I ordered the restoration of the building in 1739 and added a medrese (a Koranic school, now the library of the museum), a soup kitchen (for distribution to the poor) and a library, and in 1740 a fountain for ritual ablutions (Şadirvan), thus transforming it into a külliye, i.e. a social complex. At the same time a new sultan’s gallery and a new mihrab were built inside. The most famous restoration of the Hagia Sophia was ordered by Sultan Abdülmecid and completed by eight hundred workers between 1847 and 1849, under the supervision of the Swiss-Italian architect brothers Gaspare and Giuseppe Fossati. The brothers consolidated the dome and vaults, straightened the columns, and revised the decoration of the exterior and the interior of the building. The mosaics in the upper gallery were cleaned. The old chandeliers were replaced by new pendant ones. New gigantic circular-framed disks or medallions were hung on columns. They were inscribed with the names of Allah, the prophet Muhammad, the first four caliphs Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman and Ali, and the two grandchildren of Mohammed: Hassan and Hussain, by the calligrapher Kazasker İzzed Effendi (1801–1877). In 1850 the architect Fossati built a new sultan’s gallery in a Neo-Byzantine style connected to the royal pavilion behind the mosque. Outside the Hagia Sophia, a timekeeper’s building and a new medrese were built. The minarets were altered so that they were of equal height. When the restoration was finished, the mosque was re-opened with ceremonial pomp on 13 July 1849. Hagia Sophia is one of the greatest surviving examples of Byzantine architecture. Of great artistic value was its decorated interior with mosaics and marble pillars and coverings. The temple itself was so richly and artistically decorated that Justinian proclaimed, “Solomon, I have outdone thee!” (Νενίκηκά σε Σολομών). Justinian himself had overseen the completion of the greatest cathedral ever built up to that time, and it was to remain the largest cathedral for 1,000 years up until the completion of the cathedral in Seville in Spain. Justinian’s basilica was at once the culminating architectural achievement of late antiquity and the first masterpiece of Byzantine architecture. Its influence, both architecturally and liturgically, was widespread and enduring in the Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and Muslim worlds alike. The largest columns are about 19 or 20 meters tall. They are at least 1.5 meters diameter. They are made out of granite, the largest weighing well over 70 tons. Under Justinian’s orders, eight Corinthian columns were disassembled from Baalbek, Lebanon and shipped to Constantinople for the construction of Hagia Sophia.[10] The vast interior has a complex structure. The nave is covered by a central dome which has a maximum diameter of 31.24 metres (102 ft 6 in) and a height from floor level of 55.6 metres (182 ft 5 in), about one fourth smaller and greater, respectively, than the dome of the Pantheon. The dome seems rendered weightless by the unbroken arcade of 40 arched windows under it, which help flood the colourful interior with light. Due to consecutive repairs in the course of its history, the dome has lost its perfect circular base and has become somewhat elliptical with a diameter varying between 31.24 m (102 ft 6 in) and 30.86 m (101 ft 3 in). The dome is carried on pendentives — four concave triangular sections of masonry which solve the problem of setting the circular base of a dome on a rectangular base. At Hagia Sophia the weight of the dome passes through the pendentives to four massive piers at the corners. Between them the dome seems to float upon four great arches. These were reinforced with buttresses during Ottoman times, under the guidance of the architect Sinan. At the western (entrance) and eastern (liturgical) ends, the arched openings are extended by half domes carried on smaller semi-domed exedras. Thus a hierarchy of dome-headed elements builds up to create a vast oblong interior crowned by the main dome, a sequence unexampled in antiquity. Despite all these measures, the weight of the dome remained a problem, which was solved by adding buttresses from the outside. All interior surfaces are sheathed with polychrome marbles, green and white with purple porphyry and gold mosaics, encrusted upon the brick. This sheathing camouflaged the large pillars, giving them, at the same time, a brighter aspect. On the exterior, simple stuccoed walls reveal the clarity of massed vaults and domes. The yellow and red colour of the exterior was added by the architect Fossati during the restorations in the 19th century.  Side & Antalya Side Turkey paradise for tourists, athletes and culture fans Breathtaking coastal landscapes, turquoise bays and endless sandy beaches. A 800 km long southern coast with their Mediterranean climate and good water quality in the Mediterranean mainly from May to October inviting for a swim. Antalya, the bustling metropolis on the Turkish Riviera. Particularly impressive is the port and old town district with its narrow streets and wooden houses. Antalya is from nearby beaches, resorts and destinations excellent reach. A visit to the best preserved ancient Roman amphitheater in Aspendos kidnapped in history. In the tourist resort located southeast side have comfortable hotels, long sandy beaches and numerous water sports and entertainment programs leave no wishes unfulfilled. At the weekly market of the nearby provincial town of Manavgat are Turkish specialties, ceramics, spices and cheap imitations of designer fabrics haggled. Active vacationers offers a sports trip to the mountainous hinterland region. By mountain bike, on foot or in the dinghy when rafting – aching muscles, fun and adventure are guaranteed. Is also worth a trip to Cappadocia, a stage inland after Central Anatolia. The unique landscape of Cappadocia tuff, with the help of wind and water bizarre rock formations, valleys and canyons weichwellige spawned, in a variety of earth and red shimmer. A fascinating fairy tale landscape in which it ‘Fairy Chimneys’, underground cities and rock churches there. At Antalya and Kemer rich many places the imposing cliffs of up to 3,000 meters rising Taurus Mountains to the sea approached. On the Turkish Riviera The Greco-Roman history leave their mark here. A country for culture lovers. Side Travel Info The main street of Side is only for the riparian traffic open. The bus station is 500 meters before the entrance. Side is a picturesque village with an impressive ancient city and is ideal for shopping for jeans, T-shirts, sweatshirts, as well as gold and leather goods. When shopping you should carefully examine all things. It is often second choice of goods offered. Prices Easter 2001: Jeans 25 – DM, DM 20 25 sweatshirts, T-shirt 3.50 4.50 DM Who is not in the prices paid haggles 30 100% more. Caution! The seller is not afraid to eschew a tourist abzuzocken. The prices are on Monday at the market in Manavgat slightly cheaper than in Side. We have not exchanged Turkish lira because everything can pay with DM. The hotel facilities are located in five regions of the right and left side. Weather in April – Southern Turkey Night temperatures around 12 to 15 C. By day 17 to 24C. We had three days with rain, though there have only about one hour has rained. The night temperatures were relatively cool. We have extra blankets and a heater, the evening we run about one hour left in our hotel room can bring. Some rooms could be used to heat the air conditioner use. When the sun shone, it was pleasantly warm. Until one day we were in the pool every afternoon swim. Excursions – Turkey – Turkish Riviera In addition to the tour operators also offer a few Trips to local providers. For this you should in any case before inquire how much time on sales events in leather and gold carpet shops or spends. The trips are very inexpensive because there are coffee trips. The rides are for children in dolmus and the local organizers for free. Side trips Manavgat with the dolmus for 2 – DM or by taxi on Monday when the market because all buses are full for 10 – DEM boat tour of the yellow bridge in Manavgat waterfall on the 10th – DM Antalya and Alanya are from the bus station in Manavgat (next to the yellow bridge) with the intercity for 6 8 – DM easily accessible. Pamukkale Tour 2 days, Wednesday and Saturday. approximately 40 – to 180 – DM Through the Taurus Mountains, the long journey. There are stops at a small nomadic family, Salda Lake, in a Karawansarai and made a Knottet carpet. The stay at the sinter limestone terraces takes about 2 hours. Alanya tour, Friday about 10 – to 40 – DM Alaraherberge, banana plantation, stalactite cave, fortress of Alanya, boat tours, market visits, Manavgat waterfall. Cappadocia Tour 3 days, Tuesday and Friday. ca 90, – to 320th – DM Taurus Mountains, Konya, Sultanhan, Feenkamiene, open air museum, underground city, Ihlara valley. Super Interesting, but who only a week remains should prefer a tour book. Antalya tour, Tuesday and Saturday. approximately 10 – to 30 – DM Roman bridge, theater Aspendos, Perge Antique City, waterfall or Kursunluwasserfälle dunes, sightseeing, Antique port, Alexander waterfall. Villages ride, Wednesday and Sunday. approximately 30 – DM Ancient Kanyonbrücke Reserve, village tour, ancient city Selge, meals on the river. Boat Tour, Monday Wednesday and Friday. about 35th – DM Swim break at the mouth, blue voyage and eat at the small waterfall, bus to a large waterfall, Manavgatbesuch.
City paradise, Marmaris was once known for its sponges and aromatic plants. The marina and traditional shipyards then assured the reputation of the city. It is now a major tourist attraction. You find in this seaside resort hotels and pensions for all budgets. Enjoy due to climate and wonderful Mediterranean coast near the ancient cities, offer a mix of near perfection that delight travelers. SPORTS AND LEISURE Swimming and cruising the cave phosphorus (Fosforlu Magara) is still used by ships to Turunc and Kumlubük. It offers the opportunity to swim in waters clean and colorful. The island of Cennet (paradise located thirty minutes of Wednesday) is a peninsula almost completely covered with forest. Ideal for a swim in the sea or for the pleasure of a small crossing. Tours: we come to the waterfall Turgut after a fifteen minutes walk from the small village of Turgut, located 35 km from Marmaris. The place is nice, at the foot of a cascade of ten meters high. HISTORY It assesses the first settlers arrived around 3400 BC This tribe settled in the area, guided by a chief named Kar. Carie name or country of Kar appears much later. The richness of the Aegean and Mediterranean coasts makes Marmaris very attractive. That is why the city is experiencing various civilizations to the present day: Egyptian Ionian Dorienne, Persian, Macedonian, Syrian, Roman, Byzantine, Seljuk and Ottoman. SITES Castles and fortresses Built by the loniens, repaired at the time of Alexander the Great, the castle of Marmaris was expanded and restored by Suleyman the Magnificent on dispatch of Rhodes in 1522. Travelers can make them admire the panorama. The town of Loryma (Bozukkale) houses the most impressive building of the peninsula: accessible only by sea, Burunbasi fortress overlooking the entrance to the bay. It has nine rectangular towers distributed around the island of Rhodes. At the moment, only the north tower of the visit. Environment Bozburun village, located 50 km from Marmaris remains a step of bus lines. Pins, flowers and thyme honey are the peculiarities of the village. A tree 1,000 years old is in the middle. Günnücek: a forest of incense in the world is near a picnic area, 2 km from Marmaris. Sigla oil, is used in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. It is also a place of very pleasant promenade where the sea is shallow. Marmaris Museum: The Citadel has been nationalized and restored between 1980 and 1990 and then transformed into a museum. Five galleries are open to the public. -Among them, one of them is reserved for archaeological works and another is ethnographic room (converted into Turkish house). The fourth gallery reconstructs the room of the governor of the citadel. SHOPPING In addition to the lace, objects of copper and wood from other regions, jewelry and clothes are sold in local stores port. Do not forget to buy honey and jam. KITCHEN The sura Tarhan and Marmaris are famous in the region. The “Tarhan” based on meat juices and “börülce” is prepared during the summer in anticipation of winter. The “sura” is cooking with meat stuffed with rice during celebrations of the Sheep and Hidirellez (spring festival). CLIMATE MEDITERRANEAN type: hot summers and dry, temperate and rainy winters. TO GET MARMARIS By car: You can get to by bus from Marmaris almost all cities of Turkey. There are regular flights to Bodrum, Fethiye and Datça. The bus station is located 2 km from the city center. Tel. : (90-252) 412 30 37 By Air: The Dalaman airport is only about 100 km from Marmaris. The shuttles are provided by regular services (rate of 7.30 to 22 hours) and the cars of the Airports Authority. The airport of Bodrum-Milas may be another alternative. Dalaman Airport. tel. : (90-252) 792 52 91 Airport Bodrum-Milas tel.: (90-252) 523 01 01 ACCOMMODATIONS To find the hotel that suits you, help you search engine by entering the name of the city. DO NOT MISS … • The festivals in the region, following in the footsteps of Antony and Cleopatra • The surrounding area of Marmaris: Turunç, Cennet Island, Bozburun, the waterfall Turgut, Yalanci Bogaz, Günnücek • The honey, and Tarhan sura, festive local delights TELEPHONE NUMBERS Tourist Information: (90-252) 412 10 35-412 72 77 Hospital: (90-252) 412 10 29 Port Authority: (90-252) 412 10 13 Directorate of Customs: (90-252) 412 03 54
The beautiful city of Antalya is located on the Mediterranean. It is a very popular holiday destination and the capital of this region. The area is because of its miles of sandy beaches estimated. The old town of Antalya is located for the most part on a steep coastline. The famous seaport located in the south of the city and adjacent to the long-Konyaalti beach. The city of Antalya was 158 BC by King Attalos II. Thus, she received the name Attaleia, which was later Antalya. The city of Antalya was successively by the Romans, the Byzantines and the Seljuk dominated. During the Byzantine period, the city of Antalya is a very important center for Christianity. After the Byzantine power had collapsed, so after 4 Crusade, there were the Knights Templar by the Romans with the city of Antalya belehnt. The confirmed both the papal legate, as well as Pope Innocent III. The city was actually owned by Aldobrandino. He is now in sources usually described as a privateer. It never succeeded him, his own dynasty justified. As Süleiman II.die besieged city of Antalya, Aldobrandino asked for assistance from Cyprus. Walter Montbéliard came to him with an army to help. How could he lift the siege again. The money for this war, he had, without further prompting the-throne treasury from the ward. He seems to be very fast in the Greek population of Antalya unpopular to have made. They rose up against him and called the Seljuk to help. One suspects that Walter had tried to take the place of Aldobrandinos to bring themselves to be rulers. So he tried it at a later date on the island of Rhodes. He proved as a newcomer from France, however, very little sensitivity. Later moved to the Sultan of rum Kaykhusraw in Antalya I. On. After he had mounted the throne (1210) negotiated with Hugo 1 Kaykhusraw 1st The trade agreement secured the future of the Cypriot selschukischen and traders in southern Anatolia. The Ottomans ruled the city until the 14th Century.
The city of Antalya today is the capital of the eponymous region. Since the year 1997, the Partnership for City of Nuremberg in Germany. From here, was also a tram cars over. The landmark of the city of Antalya is the minaret of the Yivli-Minare Mosque, located in the city center. It was the 13th Century by Sultan Kayqubad I. built. Meanwhile, the city of Antalya is a major tourist center. Nearby is also the Antalya Airport, as the focal point for tourists on the Turkish Riviera is. Here lie very close to the famous resorts Belek and Kemer. With a population census in 2000 the city had 606,500 residents of Antalya. It is the eighth largest city in Turkey. Here grow especially fruit and vegetables. The image of the landscape is heavily agricultural. Especially citrus fruits are grown here happy. It is expected here steadily rising numbers of visitors. This region is particularly so for Germans, Russians, Dutch and British popular. According to a description of tourists is the Hadrianstor the only remaining gateway to the ancient city of Antalya as well as to the port. The wall then went right and left of the goal. This gate was in honor of a visit by Hadrian built. Only at 4 pedestals built with 3 decorated archways, can be found on the 2 sides do not lay down front. All in all, this object has less charm of a city gate. It more resembles the Roman triumphal arch. The 2 towers left and right are different. The left tower is reminiscent of the time of the Romans, the right recalls the time of Alaaddin Keykubat I. This gate was restored in 1959 quite burdensome.
The beautiful sandy beaches, you can see as far as the eye can see. A really beautiful mountain scenery, some very luxurious hotels, where you will be totally spoiled, energetic and very nice places to shop and to celebrate one finds in large numbers Moreover, there is much Attractions. Impressive is the already overwhelming hospitality of the people who live here. Longer need you actually not a really successful holiday in Alanya. The beautiful holiday centers such as Side, are also nearby. They have for the whole family is always just the right offer. The simplest give you an extensive overview of the rental car. This allows you to explore environs of Alanya. You can use the car at almost any point book. In the town of Alanya himself fascinated here already some distance from the castle. It certainly worthwhile to visit this mountain. Enter eight points but you when you visit in the midday heat started running. The temperatures here in the summer very hot. And that is certainly no more fun. Even more had to unwary tourists from the local ambulance to be fetched. This is a real disgrace! For such an experience is the mountain and the beautiful view, you can enjoy up here, just much too nice. You better enjoy the wonderful view from the fortress. The numerous restaurants and cafes are particularly in the evening hours very popular. During the day you should look at the Kleopatrastrand visit. This name is because Cleopatra of her boyfriend this wonderful state got a gift. Their joy at that time must have been enormous. The beach is simply fantastic. To take the time to sell is also worth a stroll through the market in Alanya. Every Friday found him right next to the bus station. It is advisable here to go the same morning. It is still cool and the goods are not already “aufgekocht.” A few Turkish words, you can not do any harm but you also find someone who understands German. Not to speak it with hands and feet. Fruit and vegetables you can find plenty here. Even cheese you can get. You get fish in the fish hall. Who likes in the confectionery, it should not be here in no case to hold back. The many small cakes and desserts taste just wonderful. The dentist will probably be the cold horror, as most Turkish desserts are made of sugar and sugar again. If you’re not so wild after his sweet, try it once at the bottom of the harbor. Besides the tattoo studio you will get probably the best doner kebab in the city. A small menu shows vividly (with photo) the delicacies that there are here. At the other end of the harbor to find the Simitworld. Simit are sesame squiggle, with all sorts of evidence can be and always wonderfully tasty. Try it just once. They are certainly enthusiastic. Besides the Simitworld find nice restaurants, on the water “swim”. Here is one way or the other hour on the evening certainly well spent.
The exact composition of the Turkish population is not exactly evident. While the census ethnicity was not identified. Was determined, however, the mother tongue. Very controversial is the exact number of Kurds. They are probably the largest minority in Turkey. In Turkey, live about 70 – 80% Turks, 20 to 30% Kurds, Arabs, Zaza, Albanians, Tscherkessen, Georgians as well as several other small communities. Information on the population of Turkey are not always as reliable. Especially for older people are the birth dates are often wrong, because in Turkey earlier children only have been where it was just time. For younger people, these data are rarely wrong. Since the founding of the Republic in 1923 the population grew rapidly. 1927 lived in the country around 14 million people. In 2003, however, there were already nearly 70 million population growth has recently slowed down much.
Turkey is in a total of 7 regions. The regions are the Marmara, Aegean region, Black Sea region, Mediterranean region, Central, Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia. Here you can find significant differences between the various regions identified. The division into 7 regions was predominantly based on similar climatic features. That is also the landscape as well as the land of the territories in the region are very similar. Each region is distinguished by its climate but also through their land. Also important are the location, the vegetation, fauna and the Erdbeschaffenheit. So it is crucial to whether the ground is rocky, or can be easily managed. 4 of 7 regions were under the seas bordering the Black Sea, Mediterranean, Aegean and Marmara named. The remaining 3 regions were named after the location. Thrace is located west of the Bosphorus on the European side. Here is the river Meriç a natural border with Greece. In the east of the Bosporus to find the Marmara region. The Marmara Sea separates Europe from Asia and the Aegean Sea from the Black Sea. In the Mediterranean, you will find the Dardanelles. They lie on a length of 60 km. Lies directly on the Bosporus İstanbul. Here is the landscape of forests and hilly or at least covered by bushes. The very fertile arable soil in the east in a steppe landscape. The millions of Bursa is a spa and very famous for its sulfur and hot springs. In the Aegean region is heavily agricultural land use. The very hilly landscape stretches from the west coast between Çanakkale to Bodrum. This region on the coast is one of the best-developed regions of Turkey. Here not only cypress trees and vines but also the landscape. You’ll also find many ancient buildings. For example, Troy, Assos, Pergamon, Ephesus, Priene, Miletus, and Didyma Euromos. The Black Sea region is the northern coastal area of Turkey. This region is a mild and humid climate characterized. The landscape is very mountainous and heavily forested. Here thrive tea, tobacco, corn and hazelnuts. Zentralanatolischen in the region of Tuz Gölü salt lake and a large mountain chain. It soars in some places over 3,900 meters into the sky. Cappadocia is situated further east. The tourists visit like this place because of his tuff. Here you can find many Wohnhölen rock and a church. Inneranatolien is overwhelmingly dominated by steppe landscape. The region is very dry. In the area around Tuz Gölü is the desert-like landscape. The agricultural use in this region of the country is not as strong as in the rest in the area around Tuz Gölü is the desert-like landscape. Particularly wheat, barley and fruit are grown here. He is very hot and dry summers and cold winters. The Mediterranean region in the north of Taurus and in the east of Amanosgebirge framed. Here are most of citrus fruits, tomatoes, bananas, peanuts and especially cotton. Southeastern is considered the oldest cultural region of Turkey. The Taurus Mountains characterizes this landscape. Here are the Euphrates and Tigris rivers. Here, wheat, barley, grapes, olives and pistachios grown. For agricultural cultivation will be along the Euphrates and the Tigris more than 22 dams built.
The Lydians established a powerful state in western Anatolia that was centered in the basin of the Gediz (ancient Hermus) river and they had already become active in the valley of the Menderes by the 7th century B.C. It is known for example that King Gyges of Lydia ruled Magnesia on the Maeander (near present-day Ortaklar) and that in the 6th century B.C., King Alyattes rescued Orthasia (near present-day Yenipazar) from the marauding Cimmerians. Since earliest times, the province of Aydin has been an important center of habitation owing to its geographical position. The province is located between 37° 30′ and 38° 03′ north latitude and between 27° 00′ and 28° 57* east longitude. It measures 8,007 square kilometers in area and represents 1% of the surface area of Turkey. Aydin borders on the the provinces of Izmir and Manisa to the north, Denizli to the east, and Mugla to the south while its western border is defined by the Aegean seacoast. The population according to the 1985 census was 746,992. Climate A moderate Mediterranean climate prevails in the province of Aydin. Winter is the season with the greatest precipitation while there is hardly any rainfall at all during summer. Snowfall is rare. Aydin is particularly exposed to weather coming from the west. Prevailing winds tend to be easterlies followed by winds from the southwest and west. |
